Nasal congestion is the blockage of the nasal Physically a nose is an organ on the face. Anatomically, a nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose is the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflamed Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process. Inflammation is not a synonym for infection. Even in cases where inflammation is blood vessels. It is also known as nasal blockage, nasal obstruction, blocked nose, stuffy nose, or stuffed up nose.
Nasal congestion has many causes and can range from a mild annoyance to a life-threatening condition. The newborn infant An infant or baby is the very young offspring of humans. A newborn is an infant who is within hours, days, or up to a few weeks from birth. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate refers to an infant in the first 28 days of life (from birth up to 4 weeks after birth, less than a month old). The term "newborn" includes premature infants, can only breathe through the nose (newborns are "obligate nose breathers"). Nasal congestion in an infant in the first few months of life can interfere with breastfeeding and cause life-threatening respiratory distress. Nasal congestion in older children and adolescents Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and mental human development generally occurring between puberty and legal adulthood (age of majority), but largely characterized as beginning and ending with the teenage stage. According to Erik Erikson's stages of human development, for example, a young adult is generally a person between the ages is often just an annoyance but can cause other difficulties.
Nasal congestion can interfere with the ears, hearing, and speech development. Significant congestion may interfere with sleep, cause snoring, and can be associated with sleep apnea Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterised by abnormal pauses in breathing or instances of abnormally low breathing, during sleep. Each pause in breathing, called an apnea, can last from a few seconds to minutes, and may occur 5 to 30 times or more an hour. Similarly, each abnormally low breathing event is called a hypopnea. Sleep apnea is. In children, nasal congestion from enlarged adenoids Adenoids are a mass of lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the mouth has caused chronic sleep apnea with insufficient oxygen Oxygen (pronounced /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/, OK-si-jin, from the Greek roots ὀξύς (acid, literally "sharp", from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, and is a highly levels and hypoxia Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body (tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during strenuous physical exercise. A mismatch between oxygen supply and its demand at the cellular level, as well as right-sided heart failure. The problem usually resolves after surgery to remove the adenoids Adenoids are a mass of lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the mouth and tonsils The human palatine tonsils and the nasopharyngeal tonsil are lymphoepithelial tissues located in strategic areas of the oropharynx and nasopharynx, although most commonly - the term "tonsils" refers to the palatine tonsils [that can be seen in the back of the throat]. These immunocompetent tissues represent the defense mechanism of first.
Nasal congestion can also cause mild facial and head pain Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is the feeling common to such experiences as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting iodine on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone", and a degree of discomfort.
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Common causes
- Allergic reaction
- Common cold The common cold (viral upper respiratory tract infection , acute viral rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza, or cold) is a contagious, viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system, caused primarily by rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. Common symptoms include a sore throat, runny nose, and fever. There is no cure; however, symptoms usually or influenza Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae , that affects birds and mammals. The most common symptoms of the disease are chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness/fatigue and general discomfort. Sore throat, fever and coughs are the
- Deviated septum It is most frequently caused by impact trauma, such as by a blow to the face. It can also be a congenital disorder, caused by compression of the nose during childbirth. Deviated septum is associated with genetic connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
- Hay fever Allergic rhinitis, pollenosis or hay fever is an allergic inflammation of the nasal airways. It occurs when an allergen such as pollen or dust is inhaled by an individual with a sensitized immune system, and triggers antibody production. These antibodies mostly bind to mast cells, which contain histamine. When the mast cells are stimulated by, allergic reaction to pollen or grass
- Reaction to medication (e.g. Flomax)
- Sinusitis Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which may be due to infection, allergy or autoimmune issues. Most cases are due to a viral infection and resolve over the course of 10 days. It is a common condition with more than 24 million cases occurring in the United States annually or sinus infection
- If the body is in a position where a lot of blood enters the head (e.g. upside down), the blood vessels in the nasal passage may inflame.
- Many women suffer from nasal congestion during pregnancy due to the increased amount of blood flowing through the body.
Possible link to gastric acid reflux
It has recently been proposed that gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastroesophageal reflux disease , gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), gastric reflux disease, or acid reflux disease is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux in the oesophagus may be a contributing factor for sinusitis Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which may be due to infection, allergy or autoimmune issues. Most cases are due to a viral infection and resolve over the course of 10 days. It is a common condition with more than 24 million cases occurring in the United States annually. Studies have shown a significant correlation between individuals suffering from chronic sinusitis and those suffering from acid reflux. Evidence has been found that acid reflux can be severe enough in some cases to reach the nasal or nasopharyngeal area, causing irritation. Additionally, it has been shown that gastroesophageal reflux disease therapy Gastroesophageal reflux disease , gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), gastric reflux disease, or acid reflux disease is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux in the oesophagus was effective in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Proton pump inhibitor Proton pump inhibitors are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production. They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available today. The group followed and has largely superseded another group of pharmaceuticals with similar effects, but different mode-of-action, called H2- type medications were shown to improve at least some sinusitis symptoms for most people, and dramatically so in some.[1]
Treatment
Drinking plenty of fluids, more than usual, aids the body in expelling the irritant and clearing congestion. Water Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state, water vapor or steam, fruit juice Juice is the liquid that is naturally contained in fruit or vegetable tissue. Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing or macerating fresh fruits or vegetables flesh without the application of heat or solvents. For example, orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree. Juice may be prepared in the home from fresh fruits, and teas Tea is the agricultural product of the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of the Camellia sinensis plant, prepared and cured by various methods. "Tea" also refers to the aromatic beverage prepared from the cured leaves by combination with hot or boiling water, and is the common name for the Camellia sinensis plant itself are recommended by medical experts to resolve congestion, and rest and sleep Sleep is a naturally recurring altered state of consciousness with relatively suspended sensory and motor activity, characterized by the inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, but it is more easily reversible than hibernation or coma. Sleep is a heightened are also suggested remedies in a case of nasal congestion.[citation needed] Sitting upright and not lying down will relieve some nasal congestion. Avoid substances causing dehydration, for example caffeine.[2] Increasing air moisture with a humidifier A humidifier is a household appliance that increases humidity in a single room or in the entire home. There are point-of-use humidifiers, which are commonly used to humidify a single room, and whole-house or furnace humidifiers, which connect to a home's HVAC system to provide humidity to the entire house or a steamy bath or shower usually helps relieve the congestion and accompanying discomfort.
Neither influenza nor the common cold can be cured with medication; however, drugs such as paracetamol US FDA:link, decongestants The vast majority of decongestants act via enhancing norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) or adrenergic activity by stimulating the α-adrenergic receptors. This induces vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the nose, throat, and paranasal sinuses, which results in reduced inflammation (swelling) and mucus formation in these areas, nasal sprays Nasal sprays, or nasal mists, are used for the nasal delivery of a drug or drugs, either locally to generally alleviate cold or allergy symptoms such as nasal congestion or systemically, see nasal administration. Although delivery methods vary, most nasal sprays function by instilling a fine mist into the nostril by action of a hand-operated pump or drops, cough remedies and throat lozenges may provide some symptom A symptom is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and not measured relief. Furthermore, medications have recently been approved which, when started shortly after the onset of symptoms, may shorten the duration of influenza.
A cause of nasal congestion may also be due to an allergic reaction caused by hay fever Allergic rhinitis, pollenosis or hay fever is an allergic inflammation of the nasal airways. It occurs when an allergen such as pollen or dust is inhaled by an individual with a sensitized immune system, and triggers antibody production. These antibodies mostly bind to mast cells, which contain histamine. When the mast cells are stimulated by, so avoiding allergens An allergen is a nonparasitic antigen capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals is a common remedy if this becomes a confirmed diagnosis. Antihistamines A histamine antagonist is an agent that inhibits action of histamine via histamine receptors. H1 antihistamines are used as treatment for symptoms of allergies such as runny nose. Allergies are caused by an excessive type 1 hypersensitivity response of the body to allergens, such as pollen released by plants. An allergic reaction, which if severe and decongestants can provide significant symptom relief although they do not cure hay fever. Antihistamines may be given continuously during pollen season for optimum control of symptoms.
Topical decongestants Topical decongestants are decongestants applied directly to the nasal cavity. By applying them directly to the site of action, topical decongestants relieve nasal congestion while reducing the side effects associated with systemically-acting decongestants, such as high blood pressure. Topical decongestants should only be used by patients for a should only be used by patients for a maximum of 3 days in a row, because rebound congestion may occur in the form of rhinitis medicamentosa Rhinitis medicamentosa is a condition of rebound nasal congestion brought on by extended use of topical decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, xylometazoline, and naphazoline nasal sprays) that work by constricting blood vessels in the lining of the nose.
A common household reliever of nasal congestion is cinnamon or peppermint.
If an infant is unable to breathe because of a plugged nose, an adult should immediately use a nasal aspirator to remove the mucus. The mucus might be thick and sticky, making it difficult to expel from the nostril. It can be loosened by putting several drops of saline solution In medicine, saline is a general term referring to a sterile solution of sodium chloride (NaCl, more commonly known as salt) in water but is only sterile when it is placed intravenously, otherwise, a saline solution is a salt water solution. The sterile solution is typically used for intravenous infusion, rinsing contact lenses, nasal irrigation, at a rate of 7.04 milligrams of sodium chloride Sodium chloride, also known as salt, common salt, table salt, or halite, is an ionic compound with the formula Na (table salt) per milliliter of filtered or boiled water (7 grams per liter), into each nostril A nostril is one of the four channels of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening. In birds and mammals, they contain branched bones or cartilages called turbinates, whose function is to warm air on inhalation and remove moisture on exhalation. Fish do not breathe through their noses, but they do have two small holes. As home made solutions do not contain preservatives, they should only be kept for a few days in the fridge, and fresh solution made as needed.
Insertion of cotton swabs into a child's nostrils as a remedy is generally discouraged. An alternative solution is for the discharge to be caught outside the nostril on a tissue or swab, be rolled around, and have the discharge pulled out of the nose. Petroleum jelly Petroleum jelly, petrolatum or soft paraffin, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons , originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. Its folkloric medicinal value as a "cure-all" has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses (see Uses below) applied to the nasal openings can assist in providing protection against irritation Irritation or exacerbation, in biology and physiology, is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage. A stimulus or agent which induces the state of irritation is an irritant. Irritants are typically thought of as chemical agents but mechanical, thermal (heat), and radiative stimuli (for example ultraviolet light, though it is important to ensure that the nostrils are not blocked by the jelly. It is wise not to over-use petroleum jelly in this way as there is a chance of developing lipid pneumonia.
The ancient use of nasal irrigation, which originated from the Yoga Yoga refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India. The word is associated with meditative practices in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Within Hinduism, it also refers to one of the six orthodox (āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy, and to the goal towards which that school directs its practices. In Jainism, yoga is practice of jala neti, is also said to help reduce nasal congestion. It involves rinsing the nasal cavity The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract. Owing to the large surface area provided by the conchae, the air passing through the nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature. In addition, the air is humidified, and dust and other particulate matter is removed by regularly with salty water 20 times in one day. This remedy may cause further irritation.[citation needed]. However jala neti, done once or twice daily is more than enough.
References
- ^ Study of link between gastric reflux and chronic sinusitis in adults , Ear, Nose, and Throat Journal
- ^ O'Connor, A. (2008, March 4). Caffeine causes dehydration. New York Times, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from Academic Search Elite database.
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